Design principle DP3: Unambiguous source of the realized outcome
The source of the realized outcome must be unambiguous. The solution relies on the concept of oracles to determine the realized outcome, i.e., data feeds that define the observed demand and, consequently, the payment the expert receives; given the crucial role these data feeds play, their source must be unambiguously defined so that both the expert and the newsvendor agree to use them.
Source paper
This design principle is proposed by Aligning the interests of newsvendors and forecasters through blockchain-based smart contracts and proper scoring rules (Arthur Carvalho, Majid Karimi, 2021).